Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites with high toxic potential, produced primarily by species of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium, and represent one of the most significant food safety challenges worldwide. In the Romanian context, where cereal production covers extensive areas and serves both domestic consumption and export within the European market, mycotoxin contamination — particularly aflatoxins, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol — constitutes a documented ecotoxicological risk with direct consequences for human and animal health. This paper synthesizes current ecotoxicological knowledge on mycotoxins in cereals, contextualizes it within Romanian agro-industrial realities, examines published evidence on the occurrence and prevalence of mycotoxin contamination in Romanian cereal crops, and offers a critical appraisal of the gap between existing regulatory frameworks and their practical enforcement.